How Does ADHD Medication Work?
When a neuron sends a message to another, it uses chemicals called neurotransmitters. They must cross a tiny gap called a synapse.
Some ADHD medications boost the effectiveness of these messages. They either aid neurons in releasing more neurotransmitters or slow the process of reuptake (called Reuptake inhibitors).
Doctors start ADHD patients with a lower dose and monitor their reaction. They alter the dosage over time to discover an "sweet spot" -the lowest dosage that shows noticeable improvement in symptoms, with very few adverse side effects.
Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate is the primary type of medication doctors often try to help kids with ADHD. It works by increasing the amount of dopamine and norepinephrine that is present in children's brains which aids them in focusing and pay attention. It also reduces their hyperactivity and impulsivity. It is important to keep in mind that the methylphenidate drug is a controlled substance and should only be used under a doctor's supervision.
Ritalin is the most common methylphenidate drug. It comes in immediate-release tablets or chewable tablets as well as capsules. Certain versions of the medication contain aspartame (an artificial sweetener) which can be harmful for those suffering from the genetic condition phenylketonuria which causes severe intellectual impairment. Make sure you inform your doctor about any food allergies you or your child may have.
Researchers have discovered that methylphenidate reduces aberrant activity in various parts of the brain, such as the nucleus accumbens and a network of three brain networks that play an important role in the process of adaptive control. This could explain why methylphenidate was found to be one of the most effective medications for treating ADHD.
Stimulants can cause side effects that can include loss of appetite and sleepiness, stomach upset headache, anxiety, agitation, and antics. These are rare, but they can be serious. You should consult your physician immediately if you experience any of these symptoms. You should also tell your doctor if your child has allergies, the presence of heart disease, depression, bipolar disorder or other mental health conditions, glaucoma, a history of seizures or stroke, or if you are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) such as isocarboxazid (Marplan), linezolid (Zyvox), Methylene Blue, or Phenelzine (Nardil). It is crucial to take your methylphenidate exactly as prescribed by your doctor.
Amphetamines
Amphetamines speed up messages between brain cells and can aid in focusing your mind and ignore distractions. These are the most commonly prescribed medications to treat ADHD in adults and children. They boost the levels of neurotransmitters norepinephrine as well as dopamine in your brain. Amphetamines are available in short-acting (immediate release) and intermediate- or long-acting forms. They can be consumed orally or by injection.
Some people have a difficult time with the side effects of stimulant drugs including sleeplessness, insomnia, or a rise in blood pressure and heart rate. Your doctor will monitor your symptoms and adjust the dose to find the right one for you. Some people may have to take a combination of medicines to achieve the desired effects.
Stimulant drugs affect two important neurotransmitters in the pre-frontal cortex. This is the part of your brain which regulates your emotions and regulate your behavior. These drugs are prescribed for a wide variety of mental health issues, including ADD/ADHD and other conditions such as bipolar disorder, narcolepsy and eating disorders.
The most common kinds of stimulant drugs include methylphenidates and amphetamines. The FDA has approved dozens of brand-name stimulants to treat ADHD. They come in different forms, ranging from short-acting to long-acting and are administered either orally or via injection. Amphetamines are frequently misused by teenagers who use them to stay awake and concentrate for tests, or by truck drivers and students that require more energy for endurance sports. They can also trigger physical and psychological problems if misused, especially with higher doses.
ADHD can be treated using non-stimulant medications. These include atomoxetine clonidine and guanfacine. They are in the same class as antidepressants and belong to the norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists classes. They are based on the same chemicals as stimulants, but they are less likely to make more tics and cause problems for people with Tourette's syndrome.
Short-acting stimulants
These drugs are used to treat teens and children suffering from ADHD. These medications can be taken orally or applied to the skin. They are available in patches and liquids, as well as pills that can be chewed or swallowed. These medications are typically only available on prescription. These include methylphenidate, (brand names Ritalin (Concerta, Focalin (Daytrana) and amphetamines (Adderall (Dexedrine, Vyvanse)). Short-acting stimulants are fast-acting and last for 3 to 6 hours.
These drugs ease symptoms for 70 percent to 80% of children and adults suffering from ADHD. They can reduce fidgeting and interruptions, and make it easier to finish tasks. They also help improve relationships and academic performance. However, they aren't able to address the root issues that cause ADHD. It's therefore important to utilize them in conjunction with behavior therapy.
It is also important to know that ADHD medicines have side effects. You might feel sleepy, cranky, or sleepless. These effects are usually minimal and disappear as soon as the medication has left your system. Your doctor will probably recommend taking an initial dose of a small amount and then gradually increase it. They will be watching you or your child closely to determine if there are any problems with the medication.
Finding the best medication for your child or yourself may take some time. It is best to communicate openly with your health care provider. They may suggest a change in the amount of medication that you or your child takes or if any medication is required at any time. They'll also want to know if you or your child is suffering from any other medical or mental health conditions.
Intermediate stimulants
Stimulants manage ADHD symptoms by altering neurotransmitter activity in the brain. This increases the levels of dopamine as well as norepinephrine, two chemicals that are important for the function of the pre-frontal cortex area of the brain (think of it as your "secretary" in the executive function part of your brain). The use of stimulants is efficient for the majority of ADHD children. Your doctor will work with you to figure out which kind of medication and dose is best for you. You may have to try various types of medicines before finding the one that works best for you or your child.
You can take stimulants that release immediately in liquid form as well as chewable tablets. These medications begin working quickly and last for three to four hours. The "crash effect" can occur when the medicine wears out. It is characterized by an abrupt reduction in energy levels as well as extreme hunger. Long-acting stimulants (like dexamfetamine and Lisdexamfetamine) are also available. These are a little more complex and require prescription. They are injected in the bloodstream and become active in the red blood cell.
Finding the right dosage, medication and schedule for your child or yourself may take a lot of time. Your doctor will observe your reaction to the medication and will look for any signs of trouble such as sleep issues. If you or your child isn't responding well to stimulants, they'll also discuss non-stimulant medication.
Never stop or alter your ADHD medication without first consulting your physician. Inform your doctor if you take any over-the counter medications or supplements, as they may interact with ADHD medications.
Long-acting stimulants
For 70-80% of adults and children with ADHD stimulant medications work in reducing hyperactivity, interrupting behavior as well as impulsivity, fidgeting and fidgeting. They can also improve focus and help people finish their tasks and maintain relationships. They might not help reduce moodiness, or other nagging symptoms. They can also trigger adverse effects like the loss of appetite, insomnia and jitteriness. They can also cause stomachaches, heart rhythm changes and high blood pressure.
These medications work in stages to treat ADHD symptoms throughout the day. Most begin to take effect within 30 to 45 minutes, and disappear within 3 to 6 hours. They can be used alone or in conjunction with other forms of ADHD treatment, like behavioral therapy.
Some of these stimulants with long-acting effects like the atomoxetine (Strattera) and Guanfacine-ER (Intuniv), last through the night and into the morning. Some doctors recommend using them to fill up an afternoon trough, so patients do not require a second dose of medication during school or afterschool.
Long-acting stimulants don't increase dopamine levels in the same way as intermediate or short-acting drugs. However, they increase dopamine levels significantly. They don't have the same rebound effects as stimulants that have shorter-acting effects.
Due to the possibility of side effects, long-acting stimulants are typically prescribed as a second-line treatment for adults and older teens suffering from ADHD. However, they can also be utilized as a first-line treatment for some people with ADHD who haven't had a response to other medications.
While medication can aid in improving concentration and self control but it's not the only option for people suffering from ADHD. With Full Survey of good sleep habits, healthy diets and other self-help methods, it is often possible to reduce, or even eliminate, the need for ADHD medication.